The emergence of monkeypox virus (mpox) has sparked global concern, drawing inevitable comparisons to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, while both diseases are caused by viruses, they are distinctly different in terms of transmission, symptoms, and impact. In this article, we will explore what monkeypox is, its symptoms, who is at risk, how to protect yourself, and what treatments and vaccines are available.
What is Monkeypox?
Monkeypox is a viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes the variola virus (responsible for smallpox). The disease was first identified in 1958 in monkeys kept for research, hence the name “monkeypox.” It is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans, with rodents and primates being the primary carriers. While the virus was initially found in central and western Africa, recent outbreaks have occurred in various parts of the world, raising concerns about its potential spread.
What are the Symptoms of Monkeypox?
The symptoms of mpox are somewhat similar to those of smallpox but generally milder. The disease typically begins with a fever, headache, muscle aches, and exhaustion. These initial symptoms are followed by the development of a rash, usually starting on the face and then spreading to other parts of the body. The rash evolves through several stages, beginning as flat lesions, then turning into raised bumps, filled with fluid, and finally forming scabs that eventually fall off. Lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes) is another distinguishing feature of mpox, differentiating it from smallpox.
The incubation period (the time from infection to symptom onset) for monkeypox is usually 7-14 days but can range from 5-21 days. The illness typically lasts 2-4 weeks, and most people recover without requiring specific treatment. However, in some cases, particularly in those with weakened immune systems, monkeypox virus can cause severe illness and complications.
Who is at Risk of Mpox?
Anyone can get monkeypox if they are exposed to the virus, but certain groups are at higher risk. These include people who live in or have traveled to areas where the virus is endemic, those who have close contact with infected animals or people, and individuals who handle materials contaminated with the virus, such as bedding or clothing.
Healthcare workers and laboratory personnel who work with the monkeypox virus are also at increased risk, especially if proper protective measures are not in place. Additionally, people with compromised immune systems, including those with HIV, are more susceptible to severe illness if they contract monkeypox.
How Can I Protect Myself and Others Against Mpox?
Protecting yourself and others from monkeypox involves several strategies. If you live in or travel to areas where monkeypox is known to occur, avoid contact with wild animals that could harbor the virus, such as rodents and primates. Additionally, refrain from eating or handling bushmeat, which may be contaminated.
For those in close contact with someone infected with monkeypox, it is essential to use personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, masks, and gowns. Regular handwashing with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand sanitizers can also reduce the risk of transmission.
Isolation of infected individuals is crucial to prevent the spread of the virus. If you suspect you have been exposed to monkeypox or develop symptoms, seek medical advice promptly and avoid close contact with others.
Is There a Treatment for Mpox?
There is currently no specific treatment for monkeypox, and care is generally supportive. This means that treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, preventing complications, and ensuring the patient’s comfort. For severe cases, antiviral medications such as tecovirimat (TPOXX) may be used, though their availability is limited.
In some instances, vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) may be administered to people exposed to monkeypox who are at high risk of severe disease, such as those with weakened immune systems. VIG is a product derived from the blood of people who have been vaccinated against smallpox and contains antibodies that can help fight the monkeypox virus. In addition, drinking water is important for mpox virus as it is for every disease.
Is There a Vaccine Against Mpox?
Yes, there is a vaccine that can protect against monkeypox virus. The smallpox vaccine, which contains the live vaccinia virus, provides cross-protection against monkeypox due to the similarities between the two viruses. A newer vaccine, JYNNEOS (also known as Imvamune or Imvanex), has been approved for the prevention of both smallpox and monkeypox virus. It is considered safer, especially for people with weakened immune systems, as it does not contain live virus capable of replicating in human cells.
Vaccination is recommended for people at high risk of exposure, including healthcare workers, laboratory personnel, and those who may have close contact with infected individuals or animals.
What are the Risks of Mpox During Pregnancy?
Pregnancy increases the risk of complications from monkeypox virus , both for the mother and the fetus. Pregnant women who contract monkeypox are at risk of severe illness, and there is also a risk of vertical transmission, meaning the virus can be passed from the mother to the fetus. This can lead to adverse outcomes, including miscarriage, stillbirth, or congenital infection.
Due to these risks, pregnant women should take extra precautions to avoid exposure to the monkeypox virus. If a pregnant woman is exposed to monkeypox virus , early consultation with healthcare providers is essential to manage the infection and minimize risks to both mother and child.
Conclusion
While monkeypox shares some similarities with COVID-19 in terms of public health concerns, it is a different disease with distinct characteristics. Understanding what monkeypox is, recognizing its symptoms, and taking appropriate preventive measures are crucial in mitigating its spread. Vaccination and awareness are key tools in the fight against this virus, particularly for those at higher risk.
